When Wall Street Says Sell, Check Who’s Waiting To Buy

Leveraged ETF assets had reached roughly $218 billion; semiconductor exposure in those products was up 175% since the end of March. Financing was getting more expensive too. It was not a prophecy about one hedge fund, but it was a pretty good description of the tinder.

Then July supplied the match. Situational Awareness, the spectacularly successful AI fund run by Leopold Aschenbrenner, got caught in the semiconductor selloff with a leveraged and concentrated book. Its portfolio fell 67% in July. Margin pressure followed, most of the public-equity portfolio had to go, and the fund that had looked like a genius machine suddenly discovered one of finance’s oldest technological breakthroughs: the margin call. Aschenbrenner did what, in my opinion, all market cowards unable to accept responsibility do: blamed short sellers. (Read: Leopold Aschenbrenner’s Short Seller Fairy Tale)

The interesting bit is who showed up with a checkbook after. Citadel, Ken Griffin’s hedge fund, bought most of Situational Awareness’s roughly $16 billion public-equity portfolio. Some positions were acquired at discounts of more than 10%. Within weeks Citadel had already eliminated more than 80% of the aggregate risk it had taken on, including through nearly 100 block trades worth more than $4 billion. Citadel gained roughly 6% in July while quite a few AI tourists were discovering the difference between conviction and collateral.

To be precise, Citadel Securities and Citadel the hedge fund are separate businesses. There is no evidence that Citadel Securities issued its market-structure warnings because Citadel wanted Situational Awareness’s assets on the cheap. That would be a much more exciting story, unfortunately requiring the minor inconvenience of evidence.

But it’s definitely worth…noting. And that’s what this piece is about. You don’t need a conspiracy theory to notice the lesson. Citadel Securities warned that a particular market structure was fragile. That structure cracked. Forced sellers appeared. Citadel then had the balance sheet and trading machinery to buy what those sellers could no longer hold. The warning and the purchase did not appear to be contradictory. They looked to me to be two different moments in the same trade. But there’s no evidence of that.

Still, that makes it worth remembering now that Citadel Securities is warning about the Treasury market. Its latest note attacks Scott Bessent’s expanded buybacks of long-dated Treasury securities, describing them as “financial repression at the margin.” The argument is that Treasury is trying to lean against long-term yields without addressing the reasons those yields are high in the first place: deficits, inflationary pressure and an economy already running hot enough to make additional easing questionable.

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Citadel’s argument is straightforward. If policymakers prevent the adjustment from happening through lower bond prices and higher yields, the pressure does not politely disappear. It goes looking for another door. Citadel thinks that door may be the dollar: constrain the adjustment in Treasuries, weaken the currency instead, loosen financial conditions, import some more inflation, and congratulate yourself on having successfully moved the fire from the kitchen to the living room.

Read literally, this is a warning against long-duration Treasuries. But after Situational Awareness, I feel like there should be another way to read it. Maybe the most useful question is not whether Citadel is right that bonds are vulnerable. Maybe the useful question is what happens if Citadel is right enough to create the kind of price Citadel would eventually want to buy bonds at…

That is the distinction Wall Street macro commentary regularly obscures. “This market is dangerous” is not remotely the same statement as “this asset will be unattractive at every price.” A 30-year Treasury at one yield can be an awful proposition. The same instrument after a violent liquidation and another hundred basis points of yield is literally a different investment.

Suppose Citadel is correct. Treasury intervention fails to resolve the fiscal problem. Long yields rise and bond funds take losses. Leveraged players reduce positions, risk managers demand smaller books, and everyone who was reaching for duration six months earlier suddenly explains that they were always fundamentally a cash investor. At some point the sellers stop being people with opinions and become people with instructions. That is usually when the interesting buyers arrive.

That was the interesting part of Situational Awareness. The warning “leverage and concentration are dangerous” ultimately led not to “never own these assets,” but to a moment when somebody very sophisticated was delighted to own them at somebody else’s distressed price. This is the way investment-bank macro should be read: not backwards in the childish sense that Goldman says buy, therefore sell, but structurally backwards. If this thesis becomes consensus, what positions does it create? What liquidation could it eventually force? And who gets the much better entry after everybody obeys it?

There is a mildly uncomfortable possibility here. A macro analyst can be completely sincere, analytically correct and still produce a conclusion that eventually becomes most valuable in reverse. “Bonds are vulnerable” can eventually mean bonds are becoming cheap. “The dollar is doomed” can eventually produce a very crowded short. “Credit is too tight” can cause spreads to blow out until lending becomes attractive. Markets are annoying that way. They insist on changing the price after everyone agrees on the story.

You cannot prove that an investment bank secretly believes the opposite of what its strategist publishes, and in most cases that is probably the wrong framing anyway. Giant financial firms do not possess one brain and one position. The research desk, market maker, trading desk, clients and asset-management businesses can all have different exposures simultaneously. Asking “what does Goldman really believe?” is often like asking what all of New York City thinks about lunch.

But the broader lesson goes well beyond Citadel, Goldman, JPMorgan or any particular investment bank. And the lesson applies to not just macro, but also sell side equity research: trust no one on Wall Street. Not because everyone is lying. That would actually make things easier. The problem is that everyone is talking from somewhere. Everyone has a book, a mandate, a time horizon, clients, incentives, constraints and a definition of risk that may bear almost no resemblance to yours. The billionaire telling you an asset is dangerous may be able to withstand a 40% drawdown that would liquidate you. The bank telling you something is attractive may be simultaneously financing the people selling it. The hedge-fund manager predicting disaster may simply be describing the event that would give him his dream entry price.

And don’t be hypnotized by the number of zeroes involved. Managing $10 billion does not make somebody ten times more correct than somebody managing $1 billion, and working at an institution overseeing trillions does not confer access to the tablets from Mount Sinai. Large institutions possess extraordinary data, talent and market access. They also produced Long-Term Capital Management, the mortgage crisis, Archegos, countless consensus trades and enough catastrophic “research notes” to fill the East River. Capital is evidence that somebody has successfully accumulated or attracted capital…it is not a certificate of omniscience.

The correct response is not cynicism for its own sake. It is independence. Listen to everyone precisely because you trust no one. Go ahead, read Citadel and Goldman. Read JPMorgan, the Fed, the bears, the bulls and the lunatics on X. Hell, read it all. That’s why you’re reading this after all, right? Then, steal their facts, inspect their arguments, understand their positioning where you can, and then make the irritatingly adult decision yourself.

Because the most important question in markets is rarely “Who is right?” It is: right about what, at what price, over what time horizon, with how much leverage, and with whose money? Two investors can hold opposite positions and both make money because their constraints are different. Two investors can believe exactly the same thesis and one can go bankrupt because he borrowed too much to express it.

I read Citadel’s Treasury warning carefully. They may be exactly right about the underlying problem. Long-term yields may need to rise. Treasury buybacks may merely relocate the pressure. The dollar may ultimately have to absorb some of the adjustment. But then read the warning again and ask the question Situational Awareness makes impossible to ignore: if this goes badly enough, who is waiting to buy?

Trust no one. Do your own work. And whenever Wall Street tells you what you should desperately want to sell, at least ask what price would make Wall Street delighted to buy it from you.

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