Opposite What You’re Told, Markets Don’t Wait For The Fed

Authored by Shahid Islam via RealClearMarkets,

Financial commentary often makes monetary policy sound mechanical. The Federal Reserve raises interest rates, borrowing costs rise. The Fed cuts rates, borrowing costs fall.

History is considerably messier.

Beginning in June 2004, the Federal Reserve raised its federal-funds target 17 consecutive times, taking it from 1 percent to 5.25 percent.

What happened to the 10-year Treasury yield?

It averaged 4.73 percent in June 2004. By February 2007, after the Fed had raised its target by 4.25 percentage points, the 10-year yield averaged 4.72 percent.

Fed funds: 1.00% → 5.25%
10-year Treasury: 4.73% → 4.72%

Alan Greenspan famously called the unusual behavior of long-term interest rates a “conundrum.” Federal Reserve researchers subsequently examined the episode and found that during the tightening cycle, long-maturity yields and forward rates actually fell for significant periods even as the Fed repeatedly raised its target.

Yet public discussion routinely compresses this complicated process into a simple phrase: “The Fed raised interest rates.”

The distinction matters well beyond monetary history. Investors, homeowners and businesses care less about the overnight rate itself than about the market rates at which they actually borrow and invest. Mortgage rates can rise after a Fed cut or fall before one because markets are continuously revising expectations about inflation, economic growth and future monetary policy.

The Fed’s principal policy rate is an overnight rate. A 10-year Treasury yield is something quite different. It is a market price incorporating expectations about economic growth, inflation, future short-term rates and the term premium investors require for holding longer-term securities.

Markets also anticipate the Fed. If investors expect the Fed to cut rates six months from now, bond yields can decline today even though the Fed hasn’t acted. Similarly, a credible tightening today could lower long-term yields if investors conclude that it will reduce future inflation.

This isn’t evidence that the Fed is irrelevant. It demonstrates something more subtle: markets continuously incorporate information – including expectations about what the Fed itself will eventually do.

Research by economists Cletus Coughlin and Daniel Thornton at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis illustrates the distinction. Once the Fed began using the federal-funds rate as its policy instrument, the funds rate increasingly moved when policymakers changed their target, while the 10-year Treasury yield continued responding to incoming information. The correlation between changes in the two rates consequently fell effectively to zero.

Consider the opposite experiment. From June 2006 until September 2007, the Fed held its target at 5.25 percent. Long-term rates nevertheless continued moving substantially. An unchanged Fed rate didn’t mean unchanged financial conditions.

The lesson isn’t that markets lead and the Fed follows. Causality runs both ways.

Markets watch the Fed. The Fed watches markets. Both respond to information about inflation, employment, growth, credit conditions and expectations about the future.

But there is a fundamental difference.

The Federal Open Market Committee periodically announces its policy setting for an overnight rate. Financial markets continuously reprice trillions of dollars of securities as new information arrives from millions of investors, borrowers and lenders.

The Fed matters. Its announcements can move markets, and expectations about future Fed policy affect prices today. But that is different from saying the Fed mechanically determines the constellation of interest rates throughout the economy.

Perhaps our language should reflect that distinction. When the Fed changes its overnight policy rate, it hasn’t simply “raised interest rates” or “cut interest rates.” It has changed one important price inside a much larger price system.

Markets watch the Fed. The Fed watches the markets.

But only one reprices continuously.

Markets don’t wait for the Fed.